Characterisation of Particulate Matter Sampled during a Study of Children's Personal Exposure to Airborne Particulate Matter in a UK Urban Environment

The personal exposure of children aged 9 – 11 years to particulate matter (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5) was carried out between January and September 1997 in the London Borough of Barnet. Personal sampling along with home, garden and classroom microenvironmental monitoring was completed for all ten children. Each child was monitored for five days during winter, spring and summer. All children completed daily time activity diaries to provide information on any potential activities that could influence their exposure to particulate matter. Each evening a household activity questionnaire was also completed by the parents. Personal Environmental Monitors were used to sample personal exposure to PM₁₀ and PM_2.5. Harvard Impactors were used for the microenvironmental sampling of both size fractions. The children's mean personal exposure concentrations for PM₁₀ during winter, spring and summer were 72, 54 and 35 µg/m³ respectively and for PM_2.5 22, 17 and 18 µg/m³ respectively. In order to determine the potential sources of particulate matter, analysis of the Teflon filters has been undertaken. The physical characteristics of the particles have been identified using Scanning Electron Microscopy. The relationships between personal exposure concentrations and the different microenvironments will be discussed.     

A New Approach to Plant Diversity Assessment Combining HPLC Data, Simplex Mixture Design and Discriminant Analysis

The quantitative assessment of plant diversity and its monitoring with time represent a key environmental issue for management and conservation of natural resources. Assessment of plant diversity could be based on chemical analyses of secondary metabolites (e.g. flavonoids, terpenoids), because of the substantial quantitative and qualitative between-individual variability in such compounds. At a geographical scale, the plant populations become widely dispersed, and their monitoring from numerous routine individual analyses could become restricting. To overcome such constraint, this study develops a multivariate calibration model giving the relative frequency of a particular taxon from a simple high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of a plant mixture. The model was built from a complete set of mixtures combining different taxons, according to an experimental design (Scheffé’s matrix). For each mixture, a reference HPLC pattern was simulated by averaging the individual HPLC profiles of the constitutive taxons. The calibration models, based on Bayesian discriminant analysis (BDA), gave statistical relationships between the contributions of each taxon in mixtures and reference HPLC patterns of these mixtures. Finally, these models were validated on new mixtures by using outside plants. This new biodiversity survey approach is illustrated on four chemical taxons (four chemotypes) of Astragalus caprinus (Fabaceae). The more differentiated the taxon, the better predicted its contributions (in mixtures) were by BDA calibration model. This new approach could be very useful for a global routine survey of plant diversity.     

浅谈水污染事故的应急监测

突发性水污染事故危害大,要求应急监测工作快速、及时和准确,要尽快找到污染发生源.说清污染物的空间和时间变化特征,迁移和变化趋势,污染物的排放总量,现场应急措施的效果等,便于相关人员进一步优化处理措施和试验方案.文章叙述了常见水污染事故的应急监测方法,并讨论了水污染事故应急监测过程中应注意的一些问题.     

区域大气环境中PM2．5／PM10空间分布研究

提出了一种利用移动监测技术研究区域大气环境中PM2.5／PM10空间分布的方法，并在2004年12月进行了宁波市全市域PM2.5／PM10空间分布的研究。数据显示：相同路径所代表的地区PM2.5和PM10具有很好的相关性，多数路径上PM2.5与PM10数据的相关系数平方在0．95以上，而不同路径上PM2.5与PM10的比值不同。文中给出了宁波市PM2.5／PM10污染的空间分布图，直观地显示出PM2.5／PM10污染的空间分布情况，突出了污染的重点点位和地区。     

牦牛坪稀土矿区生态环境现状及治理建议

本文通过对牦牛坪矿区的生态环境现状进行调查、分析，针对破坏和污染现状提出针对性的治理建议，为促进四川省稀土行业生态发展、实现矿区经济、社会、环境效益的协调发展提供参考。     

VPT511BF-SY多孔流速仪在烟气流量在线监测中的应用

针对目前国内基于单个探头的单点在线测试烟气流量与参比方法监测比对合格率不高的问题,提出一种新颖的基于平均差压皮托管法的多孔流速仪,通过对不同的安装位置及安装数量的多孔烟气流速仪的烟气在线流量监测结果与手工监测结果进行比对,验证在适当位置安装一定数量的多孔烟气流速仪可以确保与手工监测比对结果满足要求。     

长江流域地质—生态环境的演化机制及综合自然灾害区划

地质－生态环境是新一轮国土资源大调查的新概念， 同时也是现代地学研究的一个重要的范畴，在分析地质－生态环境系统及其演变的动力学机制的基础上，本文首先探索了长江流域地质－生态环境的演化机制，结合其自然环境状况，揭示了长江流域自然灾害形成的综合机制及其分布规律；并在此基础上，依托图文信息可视化系统技术手段，采取自上而下和自下而上两种进行综合自然灾害区划，其区划等级体系为3个自然灾害区和9个自然灾害亚区，为合理利用自然资源及防治自然灾害和环境退化提供了基本依据。     

人与居室环境

本文通过对居室环境概念的阐述,剖析了人与居室环境功能的关系,并指出了居室环境对人行为的规范作用及营造良好居室环境的重要性。     

肥料投入水平与养分资源高效利用的关系

提高资源利用效率是实现农业可持续发展目标的核心,本文以山东省和全国作物施肥现状研究为基础,探讨了肥料投入与养分资源效率及环境风险的关系。从区域、农户和 吨粮田不同层次上的分析表明,高投入下可以实现高效率,关键是提高综合管理的科学水平;经济作物生产中存在经济效益和资源效率分离的现象,生产者受经济利益驱动,大量投入肥料,由此会带来极低的资源效率和巨大的环境风险;在注意经济发达地区高化肥投入带来的环境问题的同时,还需要关注发展高经济价值作物带来的低资源效率和高环境风险。     

Environment and Personal Well-being in Urban China

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between environment and personal well-being using a sample of 562 urban employees from three cities in Liaoning province in the People’s Republic of China.In contrast to previous studies,this study controlled positive affectivity (PA),negative affectivity (NA),job satisfaction and Big Five personality traits.In addition,the research variables of personal well-being index (PWI),positive affectivity,negative affectivity,job satisfaction,Big Five,and environmental satisfaction are measured with multi-item scales.The research finds that environmental satisfaction is positively related to personal well-being,suggesting that improvement of the natural surroundings in the cities can improve people’s well-being.